Environment:

Environment for environmentalists is the natural world  within which people, animals, and plant live. For ecologists, it is all external factors influencing the life of organisms, such as light or food supply . Social Scientists on the other hand believe that it is social and physical conditions that surround people and affect the way they live. In whatever way it is defined in is , in the broadest sense, all of the external factors affecting  an organism. These factors may be other living organisms or nonliving variables, such as temperature, rainfall, day length, wind, and ocean currents. The interactions of organisms with biotic and abiotic factors affecting an organism. These factors may be other living organisms or nonliving variables, such as temperature, rainfall, day length, wind, and ocean currents. The interactions of organisms with biotic and abiotic factors form an ecosystem. Even minute changes in any one factor in an ecosystem can influence whether or not a particular plant or animal species will be successful in its environment.    Scientists study the long-term consequences of human actions on the environment, while environmentalists- professionals in various fields, as well as concerned citizens- advocate ways to lessen the impact of human activity on the natural world. Understanding The Environment   The science of ecology attempts to explain why plants and animals live where they do and why their populations are the sizes they do and why their populations are the sizes they are. Understanding the distribution and population size of organisms helps scientists evaluate the health of the environment.   Population size and distribution may also be affected, either directly or indirectly, by the way species in an ecosystem interact with one another. In an experiment performed in the late 1960s in the rocky tidal zone along the Pacific Coast of the U.S, American ecologist Robert Paine studied an area that contained 15 species of invertebrates, including starfish, mussels, limpets, barnacles, and chitons. Paine found that in this ecosystem one species of starfish preyed heavily on a species of mussel, preventing that mussel population from multiplying and monopolizing space in the tidal zone. When Paine removed the starfish from the area, he found that the mussel population quickly increased in size, crowding out most other organisms from rock surfaces. The number of invertebrate species in the ecosystem soon dropped to eight species. Paine concluded that the loss of just one species, the starfish, indirectly led to the loss of an additional six species and a transformation of the ecosystem.    To better understand the impact of natural and human disruptions on the Earth, in 1991 the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) began to use artificial satellites to study global change. NASA's undertaking, called Earth Science Enterprise, is part of an international effort linking numerous satellites into a single Earth Observing System (EOS). EOS collects information about the interactions occurring in the atmosphere, on land, and in the oceans, and these data help scientists and lawmakers make sound environmental policy decisions.

IELTS

Tips For Listening:

   If you have been watching a lot of Hollywood movies or news channels like BBC, "listening" can come quite easily to you. However overconfidence can hamper the way you write you text. IELTS isn't always about a good command over the English language. It is about how less confused you can get. It might get difficult at first to comprehend the accent that you hear but a little practice, you can get there. Listening is more about practice than skills.

TIPS:

1. Read & Predict:
   Time is of the essence. Therefore read first and try to guess or predict your answer.It simply means first you read the questions so that you exactly know what you are going to hear.

2.Understand your question:
  It's not only about listening properly. It is about trying to find the correct word for your question. Mistakes can happen if you don't concentrate on the question.

3.In a set:
  Be prepared to answer two questions in a set. You need to keep track of what is going to come next.It means you need to get ready for the next question immediately.

4. Start writing immediately:
  Don't wait for the entire dialogue to end so that you can start writing. Begin writing straight away but focus on what is being said as well.

5.Check:
  Check if you have made any spelling mistakes. This is also an important suggestion whenever you have to write down numbers.

6.Shorthand:
  You will have 10 minutes to write down everything at the end. Therefore if you can, answer everything   in shorthand while you are listening.

7. Not quick but sensible:
  Some of the dialogues will try to confuse you. They can say a particular word but the next moment they change the word. So don't be too quick on writing.

8.Write, write, write:
  Do not leave any answer blank. Your guesses colud be right sometimes and you can get confused while writing your answers in order.

Guide To A Smart Teenagre

It's really very stupid of adults o not consider that a teenager goes to some rapid physical change and therefore his brain (which is a part of the body) also goes through some really ramdom changes. Some adults get their hair to look like a rooster on medication. Truth is, a teenage mind craves to do things that adults would call "stupid". Impressing people becomes crucial and that pretty much explains risk-taking, excitement and insecurities. Apart from weird hairstyles and silly self pictures on facebook, What keeps changing for teenagers are their grades in school or high school. Let's face it, when you flunk accountancy , life becomes a lot less boring than a Korean movie ! So how would you like to get your grades up while you still continue to do your adrenaline stuff?

* Environment:
    I have met students who study in a crowed bus and i've seen some who get distracted by a small sound some 5 rooms away. Whatever may be the location, it affects the way you concentrate while studying. Studies show that peaceful and quiet places calm your mind. Pick a quiet place to study no matter how great your concentration might be. Noisy places prevent your mind fro retaining information.

* Organize:
     Build your notes, study materials in such a way that they fit in well structurally. Construct easy sentences and list all your notes in bullets or numbers.These are commonly used methods. Write a lot of summaries. Taking notes while studying is the best way to retain all kinds of information. This technique always works no matter how skeptical you may be.

*Timing:
    I'm myself a one - night study guy. In fact one of my frend was a one morning student but the truth is, it's hectic, dangerous and quiet risky to just study one night. Specialli if you are studying something as elaborate as history. Needless to say, i never quiet scored well in exams so learn from such mistakes and prepare early . As  the time approaches for an exam, just be ready with revisions for what you have studied before.

* Memory Methods:
     You know best what's difficult to memorize and what's not. So build a method to memorize it caring acronym each usually the best way. Remember how we memorized metal reactivity series in Chemestry or the names of 

7 ways to improve memory

1. Comcentrate:
    COncentration simply means "not to lose focus". Distractions can hamper your memory. Stay focused on what you have at hand and what you are studying. Nothing helps your memory better than repeating things again and again.Repeating things again and again.

2. Avoid Complications:
     Don't cram to up knowledge in your brain. Be sensetive. Our memory works well with structured information. Remember that even if you don't organize your files and folders in your hard drive, documents could get lost.

3. Organize:
     Organize information.  Everything must run in a sequence. Train your brain to prioritize information and knowledge . What is important for the moment must always be fed to your brain. The brain works better with information that is organized and structured.

4. Visualize:
     We always remember movies more than books. It isn't a wonder because visual things are better received by our brain than just plain information. When you study, it is important that you visualize knowledge. Imagine and then store information

5. Make it fun:
     Try to spice uo information. Formulate stories while you are studying . Nobody remembers boring stuff. Build up stories especially when you are reading history lessons or solving chemical equations. Find an easy way to remember each term or date.

6. Discuss:
     Discuss whatever you have read with friends or teachers.Discusions will always keep lingering in your brains. It is also a good way to know what you have learnt. It also helps you revise and repeat whatever you have read or learnt.

7. Observe:
     Don't just read for the sake of reading. Observe each word or phrase or the idea in your reading materials. Learning things by note will not last long. Understanding and observing the text is important in the whole process.

Story about "THE ANT AND THE CHRYSALIS"

There once lived a busy little ant in a garden. One day he came across a chrysalis that was hanging from the leaf of a plant.

Going closer, he saw the creature unable to do anything but move its tail. "You poor creature. What a sad fate you have. While I can run about everywhere, you lie here imprisoned in your cocoon."

A few days later when the ant passed by, he peered into the cocoon but saw only an empty shell.

"Behold in me," said the chrysalis, which had changed into a most beautiful butterfly. "I can go to places where your legs can never reach and see things you can only dream of." So saying the butterfly rose in the air and flew away.

"Appearances are deceptive."

STORY ABOUT SMART KIDDY AND THE BRAINLESS WOLF

Kiddy and her mother grazed with their herd of goats at the edge of a forest.

Kiddy was a playful creatures and one day, he left the herd and ran off into the fores.
Kiddy wandered off a little too far from the herd as he heard his mother calling fom far away6, "Kiddy! Kiddy! Where are you?
Come back, we are leaving."

The grass was too delicious and kiddy was engrossed in his own thoughts. The flock had left without Kiddy.

Soon it was sunset and suddenly Kiddy became aware that he was alone. He ran around searching for his herd. But he was hopelessly lost. Lurking in the shadows was a wicked wold. Slowly he cane prowling out of his hiding.

As he was about to pounce on the helpless lamb, Kidddy went down on his knees and pleaded, "Before you kill me, I have one last wish."

The wolf was flattered and agreed.

"You are such a kind heated wolf," said Kiddy.
"All you need to do is sing a musical note fro me and I will dance to your tune"

The wolf licked the idea of a little music before supper, so he struck up a merry tune and Kiddy Jumped and danced Merrily. Kiddy hoped that somebody would hear the wolf singing and come to his help.

The silent evening carried the wolf's tune to a field far away. It reached the sharp ears of the alert shepherd dogs.

Before the wolf could finish his tune, he saw the ferocious dogs speeding towards him. Kiddy saw this and hid himself behind the trees.

Relieved to be alive, Kiddy returned home.

"You can outwit your enemies with clever thinking." 

Health

Health is the condition of body being free from diseases. If  we do not suffer from any illness  in body and mind , we are said to be healthy. A healthy man can be wealthy and happy. An unhealthy man cannot be happy even being rich .

 Healthy man can be successful to complete any work. Healthy person can do every difficult work easily. But an unhealthy men cannot do the work even if it is easy. Unhealthy man cannot get success in life.

 We must drink fresh and clean water to be healthy. We have to eat the nutritious food. We must have balanced diet. We must do some physical exercises like walking, running,swimming, etc. We can also play games so as to be healthy.

  In order to be healthy, we must keep our environment neat and clean. We must develop good habits. We should not smoke, take drugs and alcohol. They ruin our life.

The Policeman

   A policeman is a member of the police force. He is a very useful person. He tries to maintain law and order in the country.

   The police has a special uniform. He looks very smart in this uniform. He can be seen with a gun or a stick. He finds out the crimes and arrests criminals. Bad people and criminals are afraid of him.

  When there is a problem at any place, he goes there and maintains order. He helps good and peace loving people. Some policeman are trained to control traffic jams. They are called traffic policeman.Some other are trained to control crowds and maintain peace. The policeman should behave politely with the public.

  We must help him in maintaining law and order. The policeman is a useful person. He saves our life and property.

                                         Natural Disasters:  

                          Why More People are Dying

The Kasmir earthquake. Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, floods in Bombay and Guatemala, the Indian Oceans tsunami- is the world entering an era of more frequent natural catastrophes? In its 2005 World Disaster Report, released this month, the International Red Cross counted 360 natural disasters in 2004, up from 239 in 1995. But the truly striking feature is the sharp increase in the number of people killed by catastrophes: 901,177 from 1995 to 2004, according to the Red Cross, compared to 643,418 people in the previous decade.

   One explanation for the numbers is beyond dispute: popular growth. More and more people are living in at- risk areas, whether it's hurricane- hit coastlines of Florida, the floodplains of eastern China or earthquake zones in Indonesia. Even in alpine Kashmir, where the latest quake struck, the population has increased by an estimated 60% between 1981 and 2000. No matter where natural disasters hit, they will affect more people today than they would have done in the past- and will affect more still, tomorrow. Bangladesh, prone to floods and earthquakes, could add up to 100 million people to its population of 144 million by 2050.    

                               Forecasting Danger

This means of forecasting natural disasters, such s floods, hurricanes, tomadoes, and tsunamis, and of communicating disaster information to the public, have improved immensely as science and technology have advanced. In this essay, Roger A. Pielke, Jr., a scentist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research(NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado, warms that although methods are more reliable now than ever, forecasters will never be able to predict disasters with absolute certainty. Pielke stresses the importance of public awareness and planning in minimizing the havoc that disasters can wreak. 
             Because the stakes are so high , the science of disaster prediction has a bright future. The various projects and programs illustrate that disaster prediction is a topic of concern to scientists and policy makers alike. Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes all show that the effective use of disaster predictions not only requires advanced technology but also requires advanced technology but also requires that society consider the entire process of prediction- forecasts, communication, and use of information. Because they cannot predict the future with certainly, and use of information. 

The Farmers Of Nepal

    Nepal is an agricultural country. Agriculture is the main occupation of people of Nepal . Agriculture is the main source of living. The farmers live in villages. They are hard working people.

    The farmers of Nepal are poor. They live in small houses. Most of them are illiterate. They do not know what is happening in the world. They work for the whole day. They do not use modern instruments for farming. They are free during winter.
They also have domestic animals like; buffaloes, goats, cows, oxen, etc. They are satisfied with their agricultural life.

   The progress of our country depends on agriculture as many people are farmers. So, the government should give first priority for the development of agriculture.

New Satellites for Personal Communications

The first telephone message was transmitted in 1876 from one room in Alexander Graham Bell's house to another. In 1965, with the launch of the first communications satellite, telephone messages could betransmitted globally from space. Multibillion-dollar  projects now underway could make it possible to reach someone from anywhere on earth using a handheld device similar to today's cellular telephone. This Scientific American article explores recent efforts to bring cellular telephony and internet access to people around the globe by developing fleets of new communications satellites.    Since the first commercial model was launched into orbit in 1965, the communications satellite has become a linchpin of global communications. From modest beginnings- that first satellite could handle only 240 voice circuits at a time- the technology has blossomed to the extent that satellites now carry about one third of the voice traffic between countries and essentially all the television signals between countries.     With their relatively number of satellites, the two-earth-orbit proposals would be the most expensive to deploy. Indeed, Teledesic probably remains the most advanced of all the systems being proposed and, with 288 satellites, is likely to prove rather costly. Teledesic intends to orbit the satellites at an altitude of 1,400 kilometers; the need for so many satellites was dictated partly by that orbit and partly to mitigate rain fading.(for  the latter, the service area of each satellites is to be limited to a fairly narrow cone.)

World Energy Supply

  Energy is the basis of industrial civilization; without energy, modern life would cease to exist. During the 1970s the world began a painful adjustment to the vulnerability of energy supplies. In the long run, conserving energy resources may provide the time needed to develop new sources of energy, such as   hydrogen fuel cells, or to further develop alternative energy sources, such as solar energy ad wind energy. While this development occurs, however, the world will continue to be vulnerable to disruptions in the supply of oil, which, after World War II(1939-1945), became the most favored energy source.

   Wood was the first and, for most of human history, the major source of energy. It was readily available, because extensive forests grew in many parts of the world and the amount of wood needed for heating and cooking was relatively modest. Certain other energy sources, found only in localized areas, were also used in ancient times: asphalt, coal, and peat from surface deposits and oil from seepages of underground deposits.

    In addition to developing alternative sources of energy, energy supplies can be extended by the conservation (the planned management) of currently available resources. Three types of possible energy conservation practices may be described. The first type is curtailment, that is, doing without-for example, closing factories to reduce the amount of power consumed or cutting back on travel to reduce the amount o gasoline burned.  The second type is overhaul, that is , changing the way people live suburbanization of society, using less energy- intensive materials in production processes, and decreasing the amount of energy consumed by certain products.The third type involves the more efficient use of energy, that is, adjusting to higher energy costs- for example, investing in cars that go farther per unit of fuel, capturing waste heat in factories and reusing it, and insulating houses. This third option requires less drastic changes in lifestyle, so governments and societies most commonly adopt it over the other two options.

                                       Industry

Industry, in a general sense, is the production of goods and services in an economy. The term industry also refers to a group of enterprises (private business or government operated corporations) that produce a specific type of good service- for example, the operated industry, the gold industry, or the music industry. Some industry produce physical goods, such as lumber, steel, or textiles. Other industries-such as the airline, railroad, and trucking industries- provide services by transporting people or provide services such as lending money and serving food, respectively.
     The word industry comes from the Latin word industria, which means "dilligence," reflecting the highly disciplined way human energy, natural resources, and technology are combined to produce goods and services in a modern economy.
     While societies have always produced goods and services, large- scale production did not occur until the Industrial Revolution, a period of mechanization that began in Britain during the 18th century. Large-scale production is driven by machinery, makes use of advancing technologies, and employs a sizeable workforce unconstrained by preindustrial relationships, such as those of slavery or feudalism.
    Combinations of technology, management, labor, and machines vary significantly among industries and among countries. Economists study the different countries assemble these assets to develop an industrial base.

Gautam Buddha:

      Gautam Buddha was born in Lumbini about 2500 years ago. His father was King Suddhodhan. His actual name is Siddhartha Gautam. He is the founder of Buddhism. He is also called the "Light of Asia".
      Siddhartha Gautam was the prince and could enjoy every kind of pleasure. But he did not enjoy the royal pleasures. He was married to Yashodhara and got a son, Rahul.
      Siddhartha Gautam left the place ad his family in search of truth or reality. He reached to Gaya. He sat under the Peepal tree and mediated there sitting cross-legged. At last, he gained supreme knowledge. Then he started teaching people about the truth. People started to call him Gautam Buddha. He preached his first sermon at Sarnath. His preaching became the norms of religion called Buddhism. His followers are called Buddhists. There are many Buddhists in Nepal and abroad.

Progress in science and technology

Progress in Science and Technology
    Science is the systematic study of anything that can be examined, tested, and verified. The word science is derived from the Latin word scire, meaning "to know." From its early beginnings, science has developed into one of the greatest and most influential fields of human endeavo

Progress in Science and Technology :

    Science is the systematic study of anything that can be examined, tested, and verified. The word science is derived from the Latin word scire, meaning "to know." From its early beginnings, science has developed into one of the greatest and most influential fields of human endeavor. Today different branches of science investigate almost everything that can be observed or detected, and science as a whole shapes the way we understand the universe, our planet, ourselves, and other living things.
   Science develops through objective analysis,instead of through personal belief. Knowledge gained in science accumulates as time goes by, building on work performed earlier. Some of this knowledge- such as our understanding of number- stretches back to the time of ancient civilizations, when scientific thought first began. Other quarks(the smallest known building block of matter) - dates back less than 50 years. However,in all fields of science, old or new, researchers use the same systematic approach, known as the scientific method, to add to what is known. 
   Scientists utilize existing knowledge in new scientific investigations to predict how things will behave. For example, a scientist who knows the exact dimensions of lens can predict how the lens will focus a beam of light. In the same way, by knowing the exact makeup and properties of two chemicals, a researcher can predict what will happen when they combine. Sometimes scientific predictions go much further by describing objects or events that are not yet known. An outstanding instance occurred in 1869, when Russian chemist Dmitry Medeleyev drew up a periodic table of the elements arranged to illustrate patterns of recurring chemical and physical properties. Mendeleyev used this table to predict the existence and describe the properties of several elements unknown in his day, and when the elements were discovered several years later, his predictions proved to be correct.
    Alongside these achievements, science has also brought about technology that helps save human life. The kidney dialysis machine enables many people to survive kidney disease that would once have proved fatal, and artificial valves allow sufferers of coronary heart disease to return to active living. Biochemical research is responsible for the antibiotics and vaccinations that protects us from infectious diseases, and for a wide range of other drugs used to combat specific health problems. As a result, the majority of people on the planet now live longer and healthier lives than ever before.

Gautam Buddha:

      Gautam Buddha was born in Lumbini about 2500 years ago. His father was King Suddhodhan. His actual name is Siddhartha Gautam. He is the founder of Buddhism. He is also called the "Light of Asia".
      Siddhartha Gautam was the prince and could enjoy every kind of pleasure. But he did not enjoy the royal pleasures. He was married to Yashodhara and got a son, Rahul. 
      Siddhartha Gautam left the place ad his family in search of truth or reality. He reached to Gaya. He sat under the Peepal tree and mediated there sitting cross-legged. At last, he gained supreme knowledge. Then he started teaching people about the truth. People started to call him Gautam Buddha. He preached his first sermon at Sarnath. His preaching became the norms of religion called Buddhism. His followers are called Buddhists. There are many Buddhists in Nepal and abroad.
    At the age of 80, Gautam Buddha diet at Kushinagar. His religion has emphasized to maintain peace in the world

The Good News ^o^

Environment:

  We had lots of bad news about the environment. But there's plenty of good news too. We need it. If the environment offer too much bad news, the public will become despondent until they feel paralyzed- and then they will do nothing about the problems. This is a natural human reaction. 
   So here are some pieces of good news. Let's start with the atmosphere and climate. The ozone layer is on the point of recovering. This success story dates back to 1987 , when scientists began to speak with a single, decibels-loud voice. The world's governments moved in just nine months(instant speed for governments) to conclude a treaty to eliminate chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) and other ozone-destroying chemicals. All too often, when a dozen governments signed the treaty.
    Now, for what many scientists believe is the biggest environmental problem ahead, global warming. To tackle it, we need to reduce our consumption of fossil fuels, coal, oil and natural gas. Burning fossil fuels gives off carbon dioxide, and the build-up of that greenhouse gas causes half of global warming processes. 
   Finally, let us remind ourselves that there is no limit to what we can do when we set  our minds to it. Just the four years 1989-1992 saw the end of the Berlin Wall, the Cold War, Communism, and the Soviet Union; and we made solid moves toward peace in South Africa, the Middle East, and El Salvador. Who would have taken on a bet in 1989 that we would achieve that much by the year 2000?And in light of the good news items above, shouldn't we consider that we face insurmountable opportunities?