History Of Education In Nepal

The first school established in Nepal was in 1853, Though most of the Nepalese people could not get admitted to it.Only Rana family could get education at that time as the education system during that period was for ruling the Rana families, their countries and their relatives.Only after 1951, the schooling for general people began.But during past fifty years, there has been expansion of dramatic education, lots of problems and challenges despite of success. Education in Nepal was one of the critical issue as social discriminations based on gender , casts, religion , ethnicity and economic class was yet to be eleminated.a's Promise Is that All Children in Nepal Will Have Access to Education1.1       Background of the Study

Nepal is one of the underdeveloped countries having 23.4 million people with in 1,47,181 square kilometers. It is a small land locked country with a rich heritage of diverse ethnic groups. It is a state located between two large countries, India in east, west and south and China in north. Nepal is predominately rural with 88% of total population living in rural areas (CBS, 2001). The total population of women and men are 50.09% and 49.91% respectively. It is inhabited by people of diverse social cultural and ethnic backgrounds. The census report notes 102 social groups and 92 vernaculars languages throughout the country.

Nepal is one of the least developed countries of the world. The country is facing various health problems such as the prevalence of communicable disease, lack of immunization, high morality rate, malnutrition etc. Environmental pollution is also a very serious problem of the country.

Nepal has a lot of problems in health sector, but environmental pollution in a very serious problem in country. School health is an important branch of community health (Park, 1994). School environment is a primary component of school health porgramme, which contributes the pupil education in health. Any school can promote their health status by managing the school surrounding. Unhygienic school environment is directly linked with pupil health status and for the attainment of optimum level of health. Anderson C.L. [1972], defined healthful school environment as "the conditions and manner of existing and experiencing that permit accomplishment and joy in the experience". It means safe, sanitary, esthetic and wholesome physical environment in which children can participate in normal activity with a minimum of interference, disturbance and frustration. Thus, it should be managed in a proper way.

Environmental sanitation has become a world wide concern and people have thought about adopting an acceptable measure. Sanitation constitutes an important and critical dimension of the living environment. Its ignorance leads to major costs of human suffering and economy loses. Sanitation is increasingly recognized as a wider concept that includes practices of hygienic at personal and household levels, system of human waste disposal, and management of solid and liquid waters. Our surrounding plays a vital role in making us healthy or sick. Carelessly managed sanitary facilities can cause harm in different ways. In the past, sanitation was centered on the sanitary disposal of human excreta; even how to many people sanitation still means the construction of latrines. In fact, the term sanitation covers the whole field of controlling the environment with a view to prevent disease and promote health.

Education is that process, which plays an important role in maintaining environment sanitation it has become a world wide concern and people have thought about adopting an acceptable measure. Our surrounding plays a vital role in making as healthy or sickness to us. For instance carelessly managed sanitary facilities can cause harm indifferent ways. The polluted environment creates serious health hazards by providing simple opportunity to develop various diseases. Most of the people are particularly susceptible to respiratory problems caused by dust, dirt and carbon monoxide gas emitted from exhausted automobile engines.

health education is a key component of all environmental sanitation programmes. It involves motivation, counseling and advertisement medias on basic hygiene education. Health is a valuable property of human beings (health is wealth); it plays a vital role for physical, mental and social development of human beings. The educational institutions play important roles to achieve a good health and hygienic practice. It passes the knowledge of good health and hygiene through the kids to the elder relatives at home. If the kids in the school latrines are not maintained properly this leads to the negative impact on the home and community.

Scholars can share health education experience to its recipients in the society by organizing awareness campaigns regularly. This campaign can include several components those help promoting healthier living a model school can follow similar way outs. Thus, sanitary facilities of a school depend on effective, management and resources of the school. At this present situation, students spend five to seven hours daily in the school during this period, schools need to provide safe and healthy environment to them. The school environment in which students and schools personal move during the time they are in school not only affects their health but also provides a laboratory for learning about health practices and attitudes. Only healthy atmospheric school environment improves the physical, mental, social and emotional health of the students and gets changes to take healthful, practices among them.

Generally, many research works have been done on sanitary issues at the national and international level, but very few institutional research tasks are done on related existing school sanitation. If schools do not have well-managed sanitary facilities then the students will be unable to use it practically and also unable to make habit formation on it, well managed sanitary facilities is the essential part of every school. If it is not provided there, the students become uninterested to go to school because it may cause different health problems like diarrhea and dysentery, which make them irregular in school. Therefore it is essential to make them regular. Well-managed sanitary also helps to control many communicable disease and create a sound educational environment, the good sanitation management play a vital role in human life but in Nepal a very little attention is being paid for it. So, the related sector must centre their focus to provide proper direction and implement the reliable programme in every schools of Nepal. Thus, the secondary level community and private school of Lamjung district was selected for the study.

1.2       Statement of the Problem

Of course, health related everything that goes to constitute the human right. It starts from womb to tomb. It is everybody's responsibility to improve the institutional environment. The development of health status of the nation depends upon institutional health practices like home, school, colleges, community and others. Out of them, school is the most important formal agency that provides and reflects an opportunity in learning and foundation of development for the positive health knowledge, attitude and practice [KAP] among school family.

"School health is an important branch of community health" (Park, 1994). Future development of the community essentially depends upon children's competencies and efficiency gain from schooling.

"Every school needs to be as safe, clean and attractive as it can be: it is not only benefit of the teachers and pupils but also to set a good example of the community" (UNICEF).

The students of school are from different communities, they may have some communicable disease and it may be the cause of great problem. So the school family should always be aware of controlling it. Well-managed sanitary facilities help to save us from nay diseases. So it must be well managed in the school. If the students are practiced with sanitary facilities in the school, they can also well manage sanitary facilities in home and community as well as. Most schools of Nepal have not good sanitary facilities. Especially these facilities are not well managed in government school in comparison to the private. Because of unmanaged sanitary facilities the students are found irregular the attendants also leave their classroom due to different communicable diseases. Sanitation is one of the essential parts of school life but in Nepal the related sector has not given any interest on it.

Lamjung district is also facing the problem of environmental pollution. Maximum temperature of the place is 37⁰c in summer and minimum 15⁰c in winter Lamjung is a beautiful and the rural of historical importance. Its natural beauty is indescribable but the rapid population growth and the urbanization is lessening its beauty, unsystematic building construction has brought lots of problem in the town. The Marsyangdi River is also being polluted by throwing many wastes garbage in river. There is not sufficient water supply. People use to throw waste products here and there that have caused lots of environmental problems.

The management of school environment of many developing countries like Nepal is seen miserable on some issues due to many obstacles i.e. lack of awareness, financial resources and technical knowledge and so on. Most of the community and private school are not managed in healthy manner. Latrine facilities are seen in the available to some extent but they are not properly used and their conditions are far from being satisfactory. Drainage is not properly managed. In the light of the background the researcher, people can live freely in clean and healthy place. So, people of rural area or school area are suffering from different diseases like- diarrhea, fever, etc. because they do not get more and better health facilities. In the schools of Lamjung, there are not good sanitary facilities. And there is still not any research has done about it. So the researcher has selected the issue of sanitary management and facilities in the secondary schools of Lamjung and research problem is thus stated as "A comparative study of sanitary facility and its management between community and private secondary schools in Lamjung district."

1.3       Objectives of the Study

The main objectives of the study are to find out the existing sanitary facilities and its management of school between community and private schools in Lamjung district. The specific objectives are as follows:

-          To find out the sanitary facilities and its management in schools of Lamjung district (Water supply, toilet, waste disposal and drainage).

-          To compare the existing situation of sanitary condition and its management between community and private schools in Lamjung district.

-          To point out the problems and issues of relating the sanitary facilities and management in schools.

1.4       Significance of the Study

Generally, most of the schools do not have special sanitation state due to the absence of a wide knowledge and awareness to sanitary people may have developed concept of sanitation as an unwanted habit. So this study tries to examine the present sanitary condition and its effects to the school.

Some significance of these studies are as follows:

-          This study will be helpful to the administrators, planners, policy makers for developing policies, plans and programmes for the proper management of necessary sanitary facilities in schools.

-          This study helps to the community and interested personal to the people gain knowledge in detail about schools sanitation.

-          This study will motivate the concerned school headmaster, subject teachers, students and the school personal for the participation in the use of the best sanitary condition in their schools.

-          It will be helpful to the researchers who are interested in school and sanitary.

-          It arise the awareness about sanitary practice in the school going children from different types of communicable and non-communicable disease in the long run.

1.5       Delimitation of the Study

The basic delimitation of the studies are as follows:

-          The study was delimitated with the community and private secondary schools in constituency no. 2, Lamjung District.

-          Information and data was collected through structured interview schedule, observation and check list.

-          The study was covered only sanitary condition and management on waste disposal, toilets, drainage and water supply of schools.

-          The headmaster and students of class 9 and 10 were respondents of the study.

1.5       Definition of the Terms Used

Community Secondary School:  Most of budget of institution is provided by the government.

Management: The purposes and objectives of a particular human group are determined classified and effectuated.

Private secondary school: Almost all budget of school is raised from students' fee.

Safe Latrine: Safe latrine is one-which is facilitated by every comfort such as water supply good sanitary system etc.

Safe Water: Safe water is one which when taken does not harm the consumer.

Sanitary facilities: It includes such facilities in this reference provided by schools for their students and school personal which may be helpful in their sound health in the control of schools facilities and management.

Sanitary: The conditions affecting health especially with reference to cleanliness, precautions against communicable disease etc.

Ventilation: The science of maintaining atmospheric condition, which is comfortable and healthy to human body.

Wastes Disposal: it is a technique of collecting and removing of dust, ash, foliage paper and fabrics, packing of all kinds of rags and glasses etc.

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